Khakam Ma'ruf, Rizal Justian Setiawan, Nur Azizah, Nur Evirda Khosyiati, Darmono
The global clean water crisis necessitates a transformation of conventional Water Treatment Plant (WTP) systems, which still rely on manual monitoring conducted only two to three times per day, resulting in a high risk of human error and substantial energy consumption. This study integrates Internet of Things (IoT) technology and photovoltaic solar cells to optimize WTP performance in supporting sustainable water resource management aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The Research and Development (R&D) method was employed through the stages of problem identification, system design, prototype development, testing, and evaluation. The system was developed using an ESP32 microcontroller integrated with pH Ph-4502C, TDS, and DS18B20 sensors for real-time monitoring of water quality parameters, equipped with a 4.3-inch Nextion LCD as a Human-Machine Interface (HMI) and photovoltaic solar cells as a renewable energy source. Test results demonstrate excellent sensor accuracy with a maximum deviation of 0.5°C for temperature (average 0.25°C), 0.3 for pH (average 0.17), and 3 ppm for TDS (average 1.87 ppm). The system successfully operates autonomously without reliance on conventional electricity, enabling continuous real-time monitoring. The integration of IoT and solar panel technologies has been shown to enhance monitoring effectiveness, reduce operational costs and carbon emissions, and contribute to achieving SDG goals 6, 7, and 13 related to sustainable water management in Indonesia. © 2026 IEEE.
Universitas Gadjah Mada, Faculty of Engineering, Dept of Industrial Engineering, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; National Chung Hsing University, College of Law and Politics, Dept of IMP Asia and China Studies, Taichung, Taiwan; National Cheng Kung University, Dept of Public Health, College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan; Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Faculty of Engineering, Dept of Culinary Engineering Education, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Faculty of Engineering, Dept of Civil Engineering Education, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
