Betanika Nila Nirbita, Muhammad Roy Aziz Haryana
The development of educational technology highly demands modernization in technology-based learning such as the use of virtual reality in the preparation of instructional design of learning media. In this case, students are indeed increasingly familiar with technological developments, however in reality the technology-based learning media used are still far from being ideal. This study investigates the effectiveness and efficiency of virtual reality-based learning media vs audio-visual on student learning outcomes based on cognitive theory of multimedia learning virtual reality. In this study, experimental method based on learning media intervention are tested for 84 participants and then hypothesis testing was carried out using an independent sample t-test. The findings demonstrated that virtual reality learning media were more effective and efficient in delivering learning materials compared to audio-visual learning media in terms of cognitive theory of multimedia learning virtual reality. This represented that the learning performance of students was higher when using sophisticated technology. Moreover, the application of virtual reality learning media also manifested higher effectiveness and efficiency in the learning process. Therefore, the contribution based on these findings can be set as a parameter to encourage education stakeholders to optimize the use of technology as learning media. © 2026 GMP Press and Printing.
Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Indonesia
