Rinasa Agistya Anugrah, Yosef Budiman, Agus Widyianto, Alpan Hadi, Hanggar Setya Novanto, Aan Yudianto
Global growth in electricity demand and the environmental impact of fossil-fuel–based generation motivate the development of compact, efficient, and structurally robust small-scale renewable systems. This study develops and validates an integrated hybrid generation system that structurally combines a horizontal-axis wind turbine (HAWT) with 3-, 4-, and 5-blade rotors and a photovoltaic panel within a single support framework. The objective is to design a compact prototype, experimentally characterize its aerodynamic and electrical performance, and evaluate its structural integrity through numerical simulation. The development method integrates experimental testing, computational fluid dynamics (CFD), structural modal and harmonic response analysis using numerical simulation, and GIS-based feasibility assessment incorporating land–energy planning and seasonal wind variability. Experimental results show that the 3-blade rotor achieves higher rotational speed and a broader, nearly linear TSR range, making it suitable for stronger wind conditions. The 5-blade rotor produces the highest torque and power coefficient (CP[jls-end-space/]) while maintaining the lowest vibration amplitude and more stable electrical output. Harmonic analysis indicates that increasing blade count reduces vibration amplitude and shifts peak response toward higher frequencies, improving operational stability. CFD simulations corroborate these findings, revealing smoother and more uniform flow fields with increasing rotor solidity. When integrated with the solar panel, the 5-blade configuration delivers a maximum combined electrical output of 28.9 W. The results demonstrate that structural integration, supported by coupled experimental–numerical validation and geo-spatial feasibility analysis, enhances daily energy yield and provides a practical design pathway for small-scale coastal hybrid renewable energy systems. © 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Department of Automotive Engineering Technology, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, 55183, Indonesia; Automotive Engineering and Manufacturing Research Group, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, 55651, Indonesia; PT Sahla Inovatif Teknik, Yogyakarta, 55581, Indonesia; Department of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Universitas Negeri, Yogyakarta, 55651, Indonesia; Department of Energy System, Institut Teknologi Lombok, 83661, Indonesia
