N. Binatari, W.T. van Horssen, P. Verstraten, F. Adi-Kusumo, L. Aryati
In this paper, we present a new approach on how the multiple time-scales perturbation method can be applied to differential-delay equations such that approximations of the solutions can be obtained which are accurate on long time-scales. It will be shown how approximations can be constructed which branch off from solutions of differential-delay equations at the unperturbed level (and not from solutions of ordinary differential equations at the unperturbed level as in the classical approach in the literature). This implies that infinitely many roots of the characteristic equation for the unperturbed differential-delay equation are taken into account and that the approximations satisfy initial conditions which are given on a time-interval (determined by the delay). Simple and more advanced examples are treated in detail to show how the method based on differential and difference operators can be applied. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2024.
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Delft Institute of Applied Mathematics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands; Department of Mathematics Education, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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