Ria Ervilita, Muhammad Zulfajri, Muhammad Adlim, Sri Sudewi, Sri Ismulyati, Genin Gary Huang
Indonesia possesses abundant biomass resources with great potential for value-added applications. Siam weed (Chromolaena odorata L.), an invasive plant species, is widely distributed and underutilized. In this study, nitrogen self-doped hydrochar (NSD-HC) was synthesized from Siam weed leaves via hydrothermal carbonization, followed by KOH treatment, producing a pore-like structure with abundant surface functionalities. The NSD-HC was analyzed using FTIR, SEM, EDS, XRD, Raman, XPS, and UV-vis spectrometry to elucidate its characteristics. Its adsorption performance was evaluated against various synthetic dyes, including crystal violet (CV), under different adsorption conditions (contact time, CV concentration, and NSD-HC weight). The data indicated that the adsorption kinetics fitted with the PSO model, while the equilibrium data followed the Langmuir isotherm model. The NSD-HC exhibited rapid adsorption kinetics with a maximum adsorption capacity of 37.47 mg g−1. The adsorption efficiency was associated with electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and π–π interactions between NSD-HC's active sites and CV molecules. This study demonstrates a sustainable and cost-effective method for valorizing invasive biomass into a good adsorbent, enabling efficient treatment of dye-laden wastewater while mitigating the ecological impact of invasive species. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 2026
Department of Chemistry Education, Universitas Serambi Mekkah, Aceh, Banda Aceh, 23245, Indonesia; Chemistry Department, FKIP, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Aceh, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia; Graduate School of Mathematics and Applied Science, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Aceh, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Manado, 95115, Indonesia; Department of Chemistry Education, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia; Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
